humanism*An attitude of the mind that accompanied the flowering of the Renaissance. The term refers to several varied literary and scholarly activities inspired by the study of antiquity but differing in aim and scope. Humanism in the Renaissance took its name from the
studia humanitatis, those studies (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy) that were thought to possess human value: the ability to make man a fully realized human creature, elevated and distinct from the lower animals. The ancient writers of Greece and Rome were particularly revered, as it was felt that they had excelled in such studies and would thus be of value in teaching the modern Christian how to attain the perfections of life. This aspect of humanism, sometimes called the
Revival of Antiquity, includes the study of the classics; editorial and philological work on ancient texts; the search of enthusiasts for unknown but extant manuscripts, statues, medals, and coins; the writing of modern works in classical Latin; and the teaching of the classics in universities and to the children of the nobility.
Our English term
humanists, used to designate the participants in the above-mentioned activities, is derived from the Italian word
umanista, which was first used in the late 16th century to describe a university teacher of the humanities. Renaissance humanist include scholars and poets such as
Petrarch, often called the first humanist; instigators of "the revival" such as the Greek scholar
Chrysoloras; the philologists
Valla and
Erasmus; archaeologists and antiquarians such as Poggio and
Ciriaco; the educators
Vittorino of Feltre and
Guarino of Verona; philosophers and antiquarians such as
Poggio and
Ciriaco of Verona; philosophers, historians, and men of letters such as
Pius II and Leonardo
Bruni; and a host of secretaries, chancellors, legates, and other royal advisors who, having imbibed the spirit of the period, used their mastery of eloquence in practical labors. Outstanding English humanists during the Renaissance were
More,
Elyot, and
Ascham.
The origins of humanism have been found to lie in introduction of Greek studies into Italy by refugee and other visiting scholars from the Byzantine world and in the economic flowering of the Italian city-states, which provided the necessary wealth and leisure for cultural activities. From Italy, humanism spread north to France, England, the Netherlands, and Germany as well as Spain. By the time of its arrival in the northern countries, however, the purely cultural aims gave way to the needs of the Reformation; theological disputation and educational theory assumed greater importance than the study and imitation of pagan authors and text. In succeeding centuries, the influence of humanism persisted mainly in the school cirricula.
Modern humanism (see
New Humanism) only vaguely resembles the Renaissance brand, and is primarily a secular philosophy devoted to the propagation of a self-sufficient system of human values.
